1 00:00:06,529 --> 00:00:08,839 from the unique vantage point of the 2 00:00:08,839 --> 00:00:08,849 from the unique vantage point of the 3 00:00:08,849 --> 00:00:11,089 from the unique vantage point of the space shuttle Atlantis we can see the 4 00:00:11,089 --> 00:00:11,099 space shuttle Atlantis we can see the 5 00:00:11,099 --> 00:00:14,320 space shuttle Atlantis we can see the separation of two diverse environments 6 00:00:14,320 --> 00:00:14,330 separation of two diverse environments 7 00:00:14,330 --> 00:00:17,150 separation of two diverse environments all around us is the endless vacuum of 8 00:00:17,150 --> 00:00:17,160 all around us is the endless vacuum of 9 00:00:17,160 --> 00:00:17,720 all around us is the endless vacuum of space 10 00:00:17,720 --> 00:00:17,730 space 11 00:00:17,730 --> 00:00:19,970 space avoid where humans cannot survive 12 00:00:19,970 --> 00:00:19,980 avoid where humans cannot survive 13 00:00:19,980 --> 00:00:22,279 avoid where humans cannot survive without elaborate life-support systems 14 00:00:22,279 --> 00:00:22,289 without elaborate life-support systems 15 00:00:22,289 --> 00:00:25,880 without elaborate life-support systems and below us like a blue and white oasis 16 00:00:25,880 --> 00:00:25,890 and below us like a blue and white oasis 17 00:00:25,890 --> 00:00:27,740 and below us like a blue and white oasis in the middle of a lifeless desert is 18 00:00:27,740 --> 00:00:27,750 in the middle of a lifeless desert is 19 00:00:27,750 --> 00:00:32,020 in the middle of a lifeless desert is earth a place of abundant life 20 00:00:32,020 --> 00:00:32,030 earth a place of abundant life 21 00:00:32,030 --> 00:00:34,100 earth a place of abundant life separating these two extreme 22 00:00:34,100 --> 00:00:34,110 separating these two extreme 23 00:00:34,110 --> 00:00:36,740 separating these two extreme environments is a thin and fragile shell 24 00:00:36,740 --> 00:00:36,750 environments is a thin and fragile shell 25 00:00:36,750 --> 00:00:40,010 environments is a thin and fragile shell of gases we call our atmosphere in 26 00:00:40,010 --> 00:00:40,020 of gases we call our atmosphere in 27 00:00:40,020 --> 00:00:42,530 of gases we call our atmosphere in thickness the atmosphere is to the earth 28 00:00:42,530 --> 00:00:42,540 thickness the atmosphere is to the earth 29 00:00:42,540 --> 00:00:46,760 thickness the atmosphere is to the earth like the fuzz is to a tennis ball but in 30 00:00:46,760 --> 00:00:46,770 like the fuzz is to a tennis ball but in 31 00:00:46,770 --> 00:00:48,950 like the fuzz is to a tennis ball but in spite of its relative thinness the 32 00:00:48,950 --> 00:00:48,960 spite of its relative thinness the 33 00:00:48,960 --> 00:00:50,869 spite of its relative thinness the atmosphere is vitally important to life 34 00:00:50,869 --> 00:00:50,879 atmosphere is vitally important to life 35 00:00:50,879 --> 00:00:53,990 atmosphere is vitally important to life on earth it's the atmosphere that gives 36 00:00:53,990 --> 00:00:54,000 on earth it's the atmosphere that gives 37 00:00:54,000 --> 00:00:57,110 on earth it's the atmosphere that gives us the air we breathe it regulates our 38 00:00:57,110 --> 00:00:57,120 us the air we breathe it regulates our 39 00:00:57,120 --> 00:01:00,430 us the air we breathe it regulates our climate to make the earth habitable and 40 00:01:00,430 --> 00:01:00,440 climate to make the earth habitable and 41 00:01:00,440 --> 00:01:03,319 climate to make the earth habitable and it's a filter that screens out much of 42 00:01:03,319 --> 00:01:03,329 it's a filter that screens out much of 43 00:01:03,329 --> 00:01:05,690 it's a filter that screens out much of the sun's harmful radiation while 44 00:01:05,690 --> 00:01:05,700 the sun's harmful radiation while 45 00:01:05,700 --> 00:01:07,580 the sun's harmful radiation while allowing the radiation needed for life 46 00:01:07,580 --> 00:01:07,590 allowing the radiation needed for life 47 00:01:07,590 --> 00:01:10,490 allowing the radiation needed for life to pass through it should come as no 48 00:01:10,490 --> 00:01:10,500 to pass through it should come as no 49 00:01:10,500 --> 00:01:13,219 to pass through it should come as no surprise that life as we know it would 50 00:01:13,219 --> 00:01:13,229 surprise that life as we know it would 51 00:01:13,229 --> 00:01:15,410 surprise that life as we know it would cease to exist if our atmosphere didn't 52 00:01:15,410 --> 00:01:15,420 cease to exist if our atmosphere didn't 53 00:01:15,420 --> 00:01:18,710 cease to exist if our atmosphere didn't perform its unique functions but 54 00:01:18,710 --> 00:01:18,720 perform its unique functions but 55 00:01:18,720 --> 00:01:21,200 perform its unique functions but recently scientists have begun to detect 56 00:01:21,200 --> 00:01:21,210 recently scientists have begun to detect 57 00:01:21,210 --> 00:01:22,340 recently scientists have begun to detect that our atmosphere has been 58 00:01:22,340 --> 00:01:22,350 that our atmosphere has been 59 00:01:22,350 --> 00:01:24,580 that our atmosphere has been experiencing mysterious new changes 60 00:01:24,580 --> 00:01:24,590 experiencing mysterious new changes 61 00:01:24,590 --> 00:01:26,960 experiencing mysterious new changes changes that appear to be the result of 62 00:01:26,960 --> 00:01:26,970 changes that appear to be the result of 63 00:01:26,970 --> 00:01:29,420 changes that appear to be the result of human activity changes that could 64 00:01:29,420 --> 00:01:29,430 human activity changes that could 65 00:01:29,430 --> 00:01:31,399 human activity changes that could ultimately affect our lives in a major 66 00:01:31,399 --> 00:01:31,409 ultimately affect our lives in a major 67 00:01:31,409 --> 00:01:34,850 ultimately affect our lives in a major way many of you may have heard about 68 00:01:34,850 --> 00:01:34,860 way many of you may have heard about 69 00:01:34,860 --> 00:01:36,710 way many of you may have heard about ozone depletion the greenhouse effect 70 00:01:36,710 --> 00:01:36,720 ozone depletion the greenhouse effect 71 00:01:36,720 --> 00:01:39,620 ozone depletion the greenhouse effect and global warming all of these are 72 00:01:39,620 --> 00:01:39,630 and global warming all of these are 73 00:01:39,630 --> 00:01:40,969 and global warming all of these are related to the changes that are taking 74 00:01:40,969 --> 00:01:40,979 related to the changes that are taking 75 00:01:40,979 --> 00:01:43,730 related to the changes that are taking place in our atmosphere but do any of 76 00:01:43,730 --> 00:01:43,740 place in our atmosphere but do any of 77 00:01:43,740 --> 00:01:45,770 place in our atmosphere but do any of you know who or what is causing the 78 00:01:45,770 --> 00:01:45,780 you know who or what is causing the 79 00:01:45,780 --> 00:01:48,190 you know who or what is causing the changes 80 00:01:48,190 --> 00:01:48,200 changes 81 00:01:48,200 --> 00:01:50,350 changes as a scientist I've always considered 82 00:01:50,350 --> 00:01:50,360 as a scientist I've always considered 83 00:01:50,360 --> 00:01:52,469 as a scientist I've always considered myself a detective of sorts 84 00:01:52,469 --> 00:01:52,479 myself a detective of sorts 85 00:01:52,479 --> 00:01:54,069 myself a detective of sorts investigating the earth and its 86 00:01:54,069 --> 00:01:54,079 investigating the earth and its 87 00:01:54,079 --> 00:01:55,990 investigating the earth and its environment asking important questions 88 00:01:55,990 --> 00:01:56,000 environment asking important questions 89 00:01:56,000 --> 00:01:57,760 environment asking important questions that hopefully will lead to practical 90 00:01:57,760 --> 00:01:57,770 that hopefully will lead to practical 91 00:01:57,770 --> 00:02:01,749 that hopefully will lead to practical solutions join me now and let's see if 92 00:02:01,749 --> 00:02:01,759 solutions join me now and let's see if 93 00:02:01,759 --> 00:03:05,510 solutions join me now and let's see if together we can solve our responsible 94 00:03:05,510 --> 00:03:05,520 95 00:03:05,520 --> 00:03:08,220 let's begin our investigation by finding 96 00:03:08,220 --> 00:03:08,230 let's begin our investigation by finding 97 00:03:08,230 --> 00:03:11,700 let's begin our investigation by finding out what's happening to the ozone first 98 00:03:11,700 --> 00:03:11,710 out what's happening to the ozone first 99 00:03:11,710 --> 00:03:13,530 out what's happening to the ozone first we'll need to ask a few questions to get 100 00:03:13,530 --> 00:03:13,540 we'll need to ask a few questions to get 101 00:03:13,540 --> 00:03:16,050 we'll need to ask a few questions to get some background for starters what is 102 00:03:16,050 --> 00:03:16,060 some background for starters what is 103 00:03:16,060 --> 00:03:19,890 some background for starters what is ozone ozone is oxygen but not the kind 104 00:03:19,890 --> 00:03:19,900 ozone ozone is oxygen but not the kind 105 00:03:19,900 --> 00:03:23,340 ozone ozone is oxygen but not the kind we normally think of a regular oxygen 106 00:03:23,340 --> 00:03:23,350 we normally think of a regular oxygen 107 00:03:23,350 --> 00:03:25,500 we normally think of a regular oxygen molecule is formed by two oxygen atoms 108 00:03:25,500 --> 00:03:25,510 molecule is formed by two oxygen atoms 109 00:03:25,510 --> 00:03:28,980 molecule is formed by two oxygen atoms that are bonded together but ozone 110 00:03:28,980 --> 00:03:28,990 that are bonded together but ozone 111 00:03:28,990 --> 00:03:31,530 that are bonded together but ozone molecules are different they have three 112 00:03:31,530 --> 00:03:31,540 molecules are different they have three 113 00:03:31,540 --> 00:03:35,130 molecules are different they have three oxygen atoms bonded together ozone can 114 00:03:35,130 --> 00:03:35,140 oxygen atoms bonded together ozone can 115 00:03:35,140 --> 00:03:36,750 oxygen atoms bonded together ozone can be made in a laboratory on the ground 116 00:03:36,750 --> 00:03:36,760 be made in a laboratory on the ground 117 00:03:36,760 --> 00:03:39,320 be made in a laboratory on the ground where we can study its characteristics 118 00:03:39,320 --> 00:03:39,330 where we can study its characteristics 119 00:03:39,330 --> 00:03:41,910 where we can study its characteristics ozone is also made naturally in the 120 00:03:41,910 --> 00:03:41,920 ozone is also made naturally in the 121 00:03:41,920 --> 00:03:44,670 ozone is also made naturally in the upper atmosphere there ultraviolet light 122 00:03:44,670 --> 00:03:44,680 upper atmosphere there ultraviolet light 123 00:03:44,680 --> 00:03:46,320 upper atmosphere there ultraviolet light from the Sun breaks the bond in 124 00:03:46,320 --> 00:03:46,330 from the Sun breaks the bond in 125 00:03:46,330 --> 00:03:48,449 from the Sun breaks the bond in molecular oxygen to form two separate 126 00:03:48,449 --> 00:03:48,459 molecular oxygen to form two separate 127 00:03:48,459 --> 00:03:51,150 molecular oxygen to form two separate atoms these atoms may then join with 128 00:03:51,150 --> 00:03:51,160 atoms these atoms may then join with 129 00:03:51,160 --> 00:03:54,690 atoms these atoms may then join with other molecules to form ozone why is 130 00:03:54,690 --> 00:03:54,700 other molecules to form ozone why is 131 00:03:54,700 --> 00:03:58,530 other molecules to form ozone why is ozone so special well without ozone in 132 00:03:58,530 --> 00:03:58,540 ozone so special well without ozone in 133 00:03:58,540 --> 00:04:00,690 ozone so special well without ozone in our atmosphere I would probably need a 134 00:04:00,690 --> 00:04:00,700 our atmosphere I would probably need a 135 00:04:00,700 --> 00:04:03,210 our atmosphere I would probably need a sunscreen protection factor of five 136 00:04:03,210 --> 00:04:03,220 sunscreen protection factor of five 137 00:04:03,220 --> 00:04:06,090 sunscreen protection factor of five hundred and probably even that would not 138 00:04:06,090 --> 00:04:06,100 hundred and probably even that would not 139 00:04:06,100 --> 00:04:09,990 hundred and probably even that would not be enough you see ozone blocks 140 00:04:09,990 --> 00:04:10,000 be enough you see ozone blocks 141 00:04:10,000 --> 00:04:12,720 be enough you see ozone blocks ultraviolet radiation up in the 142 00:04:12,720 --> 00:04:12,730 ultraviolet radiation up in the 143 00:04:12,730 --> 00:04:14,970 ultraviolet radiation up in the stratosphere ozone forms a very thin 144 00:04:14,970 --> 00:04:14,980 stratosphere ozone forms a very thin 145 00:04:14,980 --> 00:04:18,270 stratosphere ozone forms a very thin layer so thin that for every 1 million 146 00:04:18,270 --> 00:04:18,280 layer so thin that for every 1 million 147 00:04:18,280 --> 00:04:22,650 layer so thin that for every 1 million gas molecules only 10 our ozone but even 148 00:04:22,650 --> 00:04:22,660 gas molecules only 10 our ozone but even 149 00:04:22,660 --> 00:04:23,850 gas molecules only 10 our ozone but even as thin as it is 150 00:04:23,850 --> 00:04:23,860 as thin as it is 151 00:04:23,860 --> 00:04:25,980 as thin as it is the ozone layer is able to screen out 152 00:04:25,980 --> 00:04:25,990 the ozone layer is able to screen out 153 00:04:25,990 --> 00:04:31,680 the ozone layer is able to screen out most of the sun's harmful UV rays 154 00:04:31,680 --> 00:04:31,690 155 00:04:31,690 --> 00:04:34,120 just having to cut back on the amount of 156 00:04:34,120 --> 00:04:34,130 just having to cut back on the amount of 157 00:04:34,130 --> 00:04:37,990 just having to cut back on the amount of sunscreen be happy to buy ozone is 158 00:04:37,990 --> 00:04:38,000 sunscreen be happy to buy ozone is 159 00:04:38,000 --> 00:04:40,420 sunscreen be happy to buy ozone is important to all life on earth because 160 00:04:40,420 --> 00:04:40,430 important to all life on earth because 161 00:04:40,430 --> 00:04:42,550 important to all life on earth because without it scientists believe cases of 162 00:04:42,550 --> 00:04:42,560 without it scientists believe cases of 163 00:04:42,560 --> 00:04:44,230 without it scientists believe cases of skin cancer and eye cataracts would 164 00:04:44,230 --> 00:04:44,240 skin cancer and eye cataracts would 165 00:04:44,240 --> 00:04:47,860 skin cancer and eye cataracts would increase and since sunscreen only helps 166 00:04:47,860 --> 00:04:47,870 increase and since sunscreen only helps 167 00:04:47,870 --> 00:04:51,540 increase and since sunscreen only helps humans animals would be unprotected 168 00:04:51,540 --> 00:04:51,550 humans animals would be unprotected 169 00:04:51,550 --> 00:04:54,310 humans animals would be unprotected crops and plant life would also be 170 00:04:54,310 --> 00:04:54,320 crops and plant life would also be 171 00:04:54,320 --> 00:04:56,170 crops and plant life would also be affected and that would upset the 172 00:04:56,170 --> 00:04:56,180 affected and that would upset the 173 00:04:56,180 --> 00:04:59,770 affected and that would upset the Earth's entire ecological system in fact 174 00:04:59,770 --> 00:04:59,780 Earth's entire ecological system in fact 175 00:04:59,780 --> 00:05:02,020 Earth's entire ecological system in fact the diversity of life as we know it 176 00:05:02,020 --> 00:05:02,030 the diversity of life as we know it 177 00:05:02,030 --> 00:05:03,580 the diversity of life as we know it would change drastically 178 00:05:03,580 --> 00:05:03,590 would change drastically 179 00:05:03,590 --> 00:05:05,890 would change drastically if ozone disappeared from the atmosphere 180 00:05:05,890 --> 00:05:05,900 if ozone disappeared from the atmosphere 181 00:05:05,900 --> 00:05:09,190 if ozone disappeared from the atmosphere by looking at the atmosphere of home 182 00:05:09,190 --> 00:05:09,200 by looking at the atmosphere of home 183 00:05:09,200 --> 00:05:11,890 by looking at the atmosphere of home space with just our eyes we can't tell 184 00:05:11,890 --> 00:05:11,900 space with just our eyes we can't tell 185 00:05:11,900 --> 00:05:13,360 space with just our eyes we can't tell if anything is happening to the ozone 186 00:05:13,360 --> 00:05:13,370 if anything is happening to the ozone 187 00:05:13,370 --> 00:05:16,480 if anything is happening to the ozone layer or not but scientific instruments 188 00:05:16,480 --> 00:05:16,490 layer or not but scientific instruments 189 00:05:16,490 --> 00:05:18,340 layer or not but scientific instruments carried on weather balloons sounding 190 00:05:18,340 --> 00:05:18,350 carried on weather balloons sounding 191 00:05:18,350 --> 00:05:21,880 carried on weather balloons sounding rockets and satellites show us revealing 192 00:05:21,880 --> 00:05:21,890 rockets and satellites show us revealing 193 00:05:21,890 --> 00:05:23,440 rockets and satellites show us revealing evidence that ozone levels are 194 00:05:23,440 --> 00:05:23,450 evidence that ozone levels are 195 00:05:23,450 --> 00:05:26,470 evidence that ozone levels are decreasing over much of the earth from 196 00:05:26,470 --> 00:05:26,480 decreasing over much of the earth from 197 00:05:26,480 --> 00:05:28,870 decreasing over much of the earth from September through November ozone levels 198 00:05:28,870 --> 00:05:28,880 September through November ozone levels 199 00:05:28,880 --> 00:05:31,330 September through November ozone levels decrease over Antarctica this is what's 200 00:05:31,330 --> 00:05:31,340 decrease over Antarctica this is what's 201 00:05:31,340 --> 00:05:34,270 decrease over Antarctica this is what's called the ozone hole the ozone hole 202 00:05:34,270 --> 00:05:34,280 called the ozone hole the ozone hole 203 00:05:34,280 --> 00:05:36,610 called the ozone hole the ozone hole allows more ultraviolet radiation to 204 00:05:36,610 --> 00:05:36,620 allows more ultraviolet radiation to 205 00:05:36,620 --> 00:05:38,680 allows more ultraviolet radiation to reach Antarctica than would otherwise do 206 00:05:38,680 --> 00:05:38,690 reach Antarctica than would otherwise do 207 00:05:38,690 --> 00:05:41,920 reach Antarctica than would otherwise do so but changes in ozone concentration 208 00:05:41,920 --> 00:05:41,930 so but changes in ozone concentration 209 00:05:41,930 --> 00:05:44,290 so but changes in ozone concentration are more complex than just the 210 00:05:44,290 --> 00:05:44,300 are more complex than just the 211 00:05:44,300 --> 00:05:47,710 are more complex than just the appearance of seasonal holes so now we 212 00:05:47,710 --> 00:05:47,720 appearance of seasonal holes so now we 213 00:05:47,720 --> 00:05:49,870 appearance of seasonal holes so now we know over many parts of the world are 214 00:05:49,870 --> 00:05:49,880 know over many parts of the world are 215 00:05:49,880 --> 00:05:51,850 know over many parts of the world are decreasing and we know some of the 216 00:05:51,850 --> 00:05:51,860 decreasing and we know some of the 217 00:05:51,860 --> 00:05:54,700 decreasing and we know some of the chemicals that play in this game but a 218 00:05:54,700 --> 00:05:54,710 chemicals that play in this game but a 219 00:05:54,710 --> 00:05:56,530 chemicals that play in this game but a good detective always has to look beyond 220 00:05:56,530 --> 00:05:56,540 good detective always has to look beyond 221 00:05:56,540 --> 00:05:58,540 good detective always has to look beyond the obvious we have to ask ourselves 222 00:05:58,540 --> 00:05:58,550 the obvious we have to ask ourselves 223 00:05:58,550 --> 00:06:04,120 the obvious we have to ask ourselves where do these chemicals come from two 224 00:06:04,120 --> 00:06:04,130 where do these chemicals come from two 225 00:06:04,130 --> 00:06:06,070 where do these chemicals come from two of the suspects are the chemical 226 00:06:06,070 --> 00:06:06,080 of the suspects are the chemical 227 00:06:06,080 --> 00:06:08,620 of the suspects are the chemical compounds chlorofluorocarbons also known 228 00:06:08,620 --> 00:06:08,630 compounds chlorofluorocarbons also known 229 00:06:08,630 --> 00:06:11,530 compounds chlorofluorocarbons also known as CFCs and oxides of nitrogen which 230 00:06:11,530 --> 00:06:11,540 as CFCs and oxides of nitrogen which 231 00:06:11,540 --> 00:06:14,620 as CFCs and oxides of nitrogen which have many faces here's why we suspect 232 00:06:14,620 --> 00:06:14,630 have many faces here's why we suspect 233 00:06:14,630 --> 00:06:17,050 have many faces here's why we suspect them in the upper atmosphere these 234 00:06:17,050 --> 00:06:17,060 them in the upper atmosphere these 235 00:06:17,060 --> 00:06:19,240 them in the upper atmosphere these compounds react with sunlight and are 236 00:06:19,240 --> 00:06:19,250 compounds react with sunlight and are 237 00:06:19,250 --> 00:06:21,130 compounds react with sunlight and are broken down into smaller parts 238 00:06:21,130 --> 00:06:21,140 broken down into smaller parts 239 00:06:21,140 --> 00:06:24,250 broken down into smaller parts the CFCs give off chlorine atoms while 240 00:06:24,250 --> 00:06:24,260 the CFCs give off chlorine atoms while 241 00:06:24,260 --> 00:06:27,970 the CFCs give off chlorine atoms while nitrogen oxides form nitric oxide there 242 00:06:27,970 --> 00:06:27,980 nitrogen oxides form nitric oxide there 243 00:06:27,980 --> 00:06:29,800 nitrogen oxides form nitric oxide there they are joined by other chemicals 244 00:06:29,800 --> 00:06:29,810 they are joined by other chemicals 245 00:06:29,810 --> 00:06:31,990 they are joined by other chemicals containing hydrogen sulfur and other 246 00:06:31,990 --> 00:06:32,000 containing hydrogen sulfur and other 247 00:06:32,000 --> 00:06:32,990 containing hydrogen sulfur and other atoms 248 00:06:32,990 --> 00:06:33,000 atoms 249 00:06:33,000 --> 00:06:35,760 atoms when these chemicals encounter ozone a 250 00:06:35,760 --> 00:06:35,770 when these chemicals encounter ozone a 251 00:06:35,770 --> 00:06:38,550 when these chemicals encounter ozone a reaction occurs that strips away an atom 252 00:06:38,550 --> 00:06:38,560 reaction occurs that strips away an atom 253 00:06:38,560 --> 00:06:42,330 reaction occurs that strips away an atom of oxygen from the ozone molecule the 254 00:06:42,330 --> 00:06:42,340 of oxygen from the ozone molecule the 255 00:06:42,340 --> 00:06:44,790 of oxygen from the ozone molecule the products of these reactions react with 256 00:06:44,790 --> 00:06:44,800 products of these reactions react with 257 00:06:44,800 --> 00:06:47,700 products of these reactions react with ozone also just a small amount of 258 00:06:47,700 --> 00:06:47,710 ozone also just a small amount of 259 00:06:47,710 --> 00:06:49,920 ozone also just a small amount of chlorine and nitric oxide can create a 260 00:06:49,920 --> 00:06:49,930 chlorine and nitric oxide can create a 261 00:06:49,930 --> 00:06:52,880 chlorine and nitric oxide can create a cycle that destroys many ozone molecules 262 00:06:52,880 --> 00:06:52,890 cycle that destroys many ozone molecules 263 00:06:52,890 --> 00:06:55,440 cycle that destroys many ozone molecules it looks like we may have some of the 264 00:06:55,440 --> 00:06:55,450 it looks like we may have some of the 265 00:06:55,450 --> 00:06:57,210 it looks like we may have some of the key players responsible for the ozone 266 00:06:57,210 --> 00:06:57,220 key players responsible for the ozone 267 00:06:57,220 --> 00:06:58,890 key players responsible for the ozone destruction but there are a lot more 268 00:06:58,890 --> 00:06:58,900 destruction but there are a lot more 269 00:06:58,900 --> 00:07:02,010 destruction but there are a lot more detail to be worked out a good detective 270 00:07:02,010 --> 00:07:02,020 detail to be worked out a good detective 271 00:07:02,020 --> 00:07:04,470 detail to be worked out a good detective I always looks beyond the obvious we've 272 00:07:04,470 --> 00:07:04,480 I always looks beyond the obvious we've 273 00:07:04,480 --> 00:07:06,270 I always looks beyond the obvious we've got to ask ourselves where are these 274 00:07:06,270 --> 00:07:06,280 got to ask ourselves where are these 275 00:07:06,280 --> 00:07:09,300 got to ask ourselves where are these chemicals coming from they come from 276 00:07:09,300 --> 00:07:09,310 chemicals coming from they come from 277 00:07:09,310 --> 00:07:13,200 chemicals coming from they come from many sources hydrogen compounds come 278 00:07:13,200 --> 00:07:13,210 many sources hydrogen compounds come 279 00:07:13,210 --> 00:07:14,970 many sources hydrogen compounds come from the gas methane that's formed by 280 00:07:14,970 --> 00:07:14,980 from the gas methane that's formed by 281 00:07:14,980 --> 00:07:16,680 from the gas methane that's formed by agricultural activities such as rice 282 00:07:16,680 --> 00:07:16,690 agricultural activities such as rice 283 00:07:16,690 --> 00:07:18,290 agricultural activities such as rice production and the cattle industry 284 00:07:18,290 --> 00:07:18,300 production and the cattle industry 285 00:07:18,300 --> 00:07:20,970 production and the cattle industry decaying vegetation and swamps also 286 00:07:20,970 --> 00:07:20,980 decaying vegetation and swamps also 287 00:07:20,980 --> 00:07:24,650 decaying vegetation and swamps also produces methane chlorofluorocarbons or 288 00:07:24,650 --> 00:07:24,660 produces methane chlorofluorocarbons or 289 00:07:24,660 --> 00:07:29,400 produces methane chlorofluorocarbons or CFCs are made by humans what form of 290 00:07:29,400 --> 00:07:29,410 CFCs are made by humans what form of 291 00:07:29,410 --> 00:07:31,140 CFCs are made by humans what form of this chemical is the gas used in our 292 00:07:31,140 --> 00:07:31,150 this chemical is the gas used in our 293 00:07:31,150 --> 00:07:33,060 this chemical is the gas used in our refrigerators and air-conditioning units 294 00:07:33,060 --> 00:07:33,070 refrigerators and air-conditioning units 295 00:07:33,070 --> 00:07:37,140 refrigerators and air-conditioning units to chill the air it's also used to blow 296 00:07:37,140 --> 00:07:37,150 to chill the air it's also used to blow 297 00:07:37,150 --> 00:07:39,090 to chill the air it's also used to blow insulating firm and clean electrical 298 00:07:39,090 --> 00:07:39,100 insulating firm and clean electrical 299 00:07:39,100 --> 00:07:43,890 insulating firm and clean electrical components nitrogen compounds come from 300 00:07:43,890 --> 00:07:43,900 components nitrogen compounds come from 301 00:07:43,900 --> 00:07:46,860 components nitrogen compounds come from many sources exhaust emission from 302 00:07:46,860 --> 00:07:46,870 many sources exhaust emission from 303 00:07:46,870 --> 00:07:49,410 many sources exhaust emission from high-flying supersonic aircraft is only 304 00:07:49,410 --> 00:07:49,420 high-flying supersonic aircraft is only 305 00:07:49,420 --> 00:07:53,130 high-flying supersonic aircraft is only one of them nitrogen is also released 306 00:07:53,130 --> 00:07:53,140 one of them nitrogen is also released 307 00:07:53,140 --> 00:07:55,050 one of them nitrogen is also released into the atmosphere during lightning 308 00:07:55,050 --> 00:07:55,060 into the atmosphere during lightning 309 00:07:55,060 --> 00:07:59,210 into the atmosphere during lightning storms in tropical regions many chemical 310 00:07:59,210 --> 00:07:59,220 storms in tropical regions many chemical 311 00:07:59,220 --> 00:08:02,070 storms in tropical regions many chemical fertilizers that we use to grow our food 312 00:08:02,070 --> 00:08:02,080 fertilizers that we use to grow our food 313 00:08:02,080 --> 00:08:04,590 fertilizers that we use to grow our food are nitrogen based and they lead to 314 00:08:04,590 --> 00:08:04,600 are nitrogen based and they lead to 315 00:08:04,600 --> 00:08:07,920 are nitrogen based and they lead to increased releases of nitrous oxide into 316 00:08:07,920 --> 00:08:07,930 increased releases of nitrous oxide into 317 00:08:07,930 --> 00:08:12,150 increased releases of nitrous oxide into the atmosphere too so now we know that 318 00:08:12,150 --> 00:08:12,160 the atmosphere too so now we know that 319 00:08:12,160 --> 00:08:14,490 the atmosphere too so now we know that mother nature and humans both contribute 320 00:08:14,490 --> 00:08:14,500 mother nature and humans both contribute 321 00:08:14,500 --> 00:08:17,430 mother nature and humans both contribute to the decreasing ozone but does that 322 00:08:17,430 --> 00:08:17,440 to the decreasing ozone but does that 323 00:08:17,440 --> 00:08:18,750 to the decreasing ozone but does that mean that one of them is more 324 00:08:18,750 --> 00:08:18,760 mean that one of them is more 325 00:08:18,760 --> 00:08:23,100 mean that one of them is more responsible than the other well we don't 326 00:08:23,100 --> 00:08:23,110 responsible than the other well we don't 327 00:08:23,110 --> 00:08:25,680 responsible than the other well we don't know for certain that part of the 328 00:08:25,680 --> 00:08:25,690 know for certain that part of the 329 00:08:25,690 --> 00:08:27,750 know for certain that part of the mystery requires more investigation and 330 00:08:27,750 --> 00:08:27,760 mystery requires more investigation and 331 00:08:27,760 --> 00:08:31,230 mystery requires more investigation and that's why we're here during this 332 00:08:31,230 --> 00:08:31,240 that's why we're here during this 333 00:08:31,240 --> 00:08:33,150 that's why we're here during this spaceflight we are observing the 334 00:08:33,150 --> 00:08:33,160 spaceflight we are observing the 335 00:08:33,160 --> 00:08:34,770 spaceflight we are observing the atmosphere in the Sun with several 336 00:08:34,770 --> 00:08:34,780 atmosphere in the Sun with several 337 00:08:34,780 --> 00:08:37,350 atmosphere in the Sun with several sophisticated instruments the data we 338 00:08:37,350 --> 00:08:37,360 sophisticated instruments the data we 339 00:08:37,360 --> 00:08:38,969 sophisticated instruments the data we gather will not only improve our 340 00:08:38,969 --> 00:08:38,979 gather will not only improve our 341 00:08:38,979 --> 00:08:40,380 gather will not only improve our knowledge of the amounts of ozone 342 00:08:40,380 --> 00:08:40,390 knowledge of the amounts of ozone 343 00:08:40,390 --> 00:08:41,969 knowledge of the amounts of ozone depleting chemicals found in the 344 00:08:41,969 --> 00:08:41,979 depleting chemicals found in the 345 00:08:41,979 --> 00:08:44,400 depleting chemicals found in the atmosphere it will also help us to 346 00:08:44,400 --> 00:08:44,410 atmosphere it will also help us to 347 00:08:44,410 --> 00:08:45,269 atmosphere it will also help us to better understand 348 00:08:45,269 --> 00:08:45,279 better understand 349 00:08:45,279 --> 00:08:52,290 better understand the rolled the sun's radiation 350 00:08:52,290 --> 00:08:52,300 351 00:08:52,300 --> 00:08:54,480 when the facts are all in we'll have a 352 00:08:54,480 --> 00:08:54,490 when the facts are all in we'll have a 353 00:08:54,490 --> 00:08:56,250 when the facts are all in we'll have a better understanding of the distribution 354 00:08:56,250 --> 00:08:56,260 better understanding of the distribution 355 00:08:56,260 --> 00:08:57,840 better understanding of the distribution of ozone depleting chemicals in the 356 00:08:57,840 --> 00:08:57,850 of ozone depleting chemicals in the 357 00:08:57,850 --> 00:09:01,470 of ozone depleting chemicals in the atmosphere now let's turn our attention 358 00:09:01,470 --> 00:09:01,480 atmosphere now let's turn our attention 359 00:09:01,480 --> 00:09:03,210 atmosphere now let's turn our attention to another mystery of the changing 360 00:09:03,210 --> 00:09:03,220 to another mystery of the changing 361 00:09:03,220 --> 00:09:11,010 to another mystery of the changing atmosphere below you know summers here 362 00:09:11,010 --> 00:09:11,020 atmosphere below you know summers here 363 00:09:11,020 --> 00:09:14,460 atmosphere below you know summers here in Houston can be pretty hot it's hard 364 00:09:14,460 --> 00:09:14,470 in Houston can be pretty hot it's hard 365 00:09:14,470 --> 00:09:16,160 in Houston can be pretty hot it's hard to imagine they could get much hotter 366 00:09:16,160 --> 00:09:16,170 to imagine they could get much hotter 367 00:09:16,170 --> 00:09:18,900 to imagine they could get much hotter but some scientists say it's actually 368 00:09:18,900 --> 00:09:18,910 but some scientists say it's actually 369 00:09:18,910 --> 00:09:23,580 but some scientists say it's actually happening actually Earth's climate has 370 00:09:23,580 --> 00:09:23,590 happening actually Earth's climate has 371 00:09:23,590 --> 00:09:25,560 happening actually Earth's climate has changed many times over millions of 372 00:09:25,560 --> 00:09:25,570 changed many times over millions of 373 00:09:25,570 --> 00:09:29,760 changed many times over millions of years we've had ice ages and we've had 374 00:09:29,760 --> 00:09:29,770 years we've had ice ages and we've had 375 00:09:29,770 --> 00:09:32,970 years we've had ice ages and we've had warmer periods that's because several 376 00:09:32,970 --> 00:09:32,980 warmer periods that's because several 377 00:09:32,980 --> 00:09:34,470 warmer periods that's because several factors that affect the climate of the 378 00:09:34,470 --> 00:09:34,480 factors that affect the climate of the 379 00:09:34,480 --> 00:09:37,980 factors that affect the climate of the earth vary over tonight one of these is 380 00:09:37,980 --> 00:09:37,990 earth vary over tonight one of these is 381 00:09:37,990 --> 00:09:40,110 earth vary over tonight one of these is the concentration of carbon dioxide a 382 00:09:40,110 --> 00:09:40,120 the concentration of carbon dioxide a 383 00:09:40,120 --> 00:09:42,210 the concentration of carbon dioxide a gas present in the atmosphere in very 384 00:09:42,210 --> 00:09:42,220 gas present in the atmosphere in very 385 00:09:42,220 --> 00:09:46,160 gas present in the atmosphere in very small quantities here's how it works 386 00:09:46,160 --> 00:09:46,170 small quantities here's how it works 387 00:09:46,170 --> 00:09:48,990 small quantities here's how it works picture a primeval setting with lots of 388 00:09:48,990 --> 00:09:49,000 picture a primeval setting with lots of 389 00:09:49,000 --> 00:09:52,890 picture a primeval setting with lots of volcanic activity as the volcanoes erupt 390 00:09:52,890 --> 00:09:52,900 volcanic activity as the volcanoes erupt 391 00:09:52,900 --> 00:09:54,810 volcanic activity as the volcanoes erupt they spew large amounts of carbon 392 00:09:54,810 --> 00:09:54,820 they spew large amounts of carbon 393 00:09:54,820 --> 00:09:58,230 they spew large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere carbon 394 00:09:58,230 --> 00:09:58,240 dioxide into the atmosphere carbon 395 00:09:58,240 --> 00:10:01,310 dioxide into the atmosphere carbon dioxide is what we call a greenhouse gas 396 00:10:01,310 --> 00:10:01,320 dioxide is what we call a greenhouse gas 397 00:10:01,320 --> 00:10:04,170 dioxide is what we call a greenhouse gas that's because it blankets the earth and 398 00:10:04,170 --> 00:10:04,180 that's because it blankets the earth and 399 00:10:04,180 --> 00:10:06,450 that's because it blankets the earth and traps heat much the same as a greenhouse 400 00:10:06,450 --> 00:10:06,460 traps heat much the same as a greenhouse 401 00:10:06,460 --> 00:10:10,980 traps heat much the same as a greenhouse does in a greenhouse incoming radiation 402 00:10:10,980 --> 00:10:10,990 does in a greenhouse incoming radiation 403 00:10:10,990 --> 00:10:12,960 does in a greenhouse incoming radiation from the Sun passes through the 404 00:10:12,960 --> 00:10:12,970 from the Sun passes through the 405 00:10:12,970 --> 00:10:15,970 from the Sun passes through the translucent roof unhindered 406 00:10:15,970 --> 00:10:15,980 translucent roof unhindered 407 00:10:15,980 --> 00:10:18,740 translucent roof unhindered but the heat radiated back from the 408 00:10:18,740 --> 00:10:18,750 but the heat radiated back from the 409 00:10:18,750 --> 00:10:21,460 but the heat radiated back from the earth is trapped by the glass 410 00:10:21,460 --> 00:10:21,470 earth is trapped by the glass 411 00:10:21,470 --> 00:10:24,320 earth is trapped by the glass this trapped heat causes the temperature 412 00:10:24,320 --> 00:10:24,330 this trapped heat causes the temperature 413 00:10:24,330 --> 00:10:27,019 this trapped heat causes the temperature in the greenhouse to rise the same thing 414 00:10:27,019 --> 00:10:27,029 in the greenhouse to rise the same thing 415 00:10:27,029 --> 00:10:29,269 in the greenhouse to rise the same thing happens in the atmosphere if carbon 416 00:10:29,269 --> 00:10:29,279 happens in the atmosphere if carbon 417 00:10:29,279 --> 00:10:33,140 happens in the atmosphere if carbon dioxide increases heat becomes trapped 418 00:10:33,140 --> 00:10:33,150 dioxide increases heat becomes trapped 419 00:10:33,150 --> 00:10:35,690 dioxide increases heat becomes trapped under the atmospheric blanket and global 420 00:10:35,690 --> 00:10:35,700 under the atmospheric blanket and global 421 00:10:35,700 --> 00:10:44,700 under the atmospheric blanket and global temperatures will rise by a few degrees 422 00:10:44,700 --> 00:10:44,710 423 00:10:44,710 --> 00:10:46,740 so what's a few degrees the earth's 424 00:10:46,740 --> 00:10:46,750 so what's a few degrees the earth's 425 00:10:46,750 --> 00:10:48,389 so what's a few degrees the earth's temperature changes every day when the 426 00:10:48,389 --> 00:10:48,399 temperature changes every day when the 427 00:10:48,399 --> 00:10:50,960 temperature changes every day when the sun goes down 428 00:10:50,960 --> 00:10:50,970 sun goes down 429 00:10:50,970 --> 00:10:53,340 sun goes down well the slightly warmer global 430 00:10:53,340 --> 00:10:53,350 well the slightly warmer global 431 00:10:53,350 --> 00:10:55,110 well the slightly warmer global temperatures can cause other changes to 432 00:10:55,110 --> 00:10:55,120 temperatures can cause other changes to 433 00:10:55,120 --> 00:10:58,110 temperatures can cause other changes to happen polar ice caps and mountain 434 00:10:58,110 --> 00:10:58,120 happen polar ice caps and mountain 435 00:10:58,120 --> 00:11:00,180 happen polar ice caps and mountain glaciers begin to melt adding fresh 436 00:11:00,180 --> 00:11:00,190 glaciers begin to melt adding fresh 437 00:11:00,190 --> 00:11:03,900 glaciers begin to melt adding fresh water to the oceans and ocean water 438 00:11:03,900 --> 00:11:03,910 water to the oceans and ocean water 439 00:11:03,910 --> 00:11:06,990 water to the oceans and ocean water itself expands as it warms together 440 00:11:06,990 --> 00:11:07,000 itself expands as it warms together 441 00:11:07,000 --> 00:11:09,389 itself expands as it warms together these two changes can cause ocean levels 442 00:11:09,389 --> 00:11:09,399 these two changes can cause ocean levels 443 00:11:09,399 --> 00:11:13,050 these two changes can cause ocean levels to rise flooding lowlands warmer 444 00:11:13,050 --> 00:11:13,060 to rise flooding lowlands warmer 445 00:11:13,060 --> 00:11:14,850 to rise flooding lowlands warmer temperatures along with sufficient 446 00:11:14,850 --> 00:11:14,860 temperatures along with sufficient 447 00:11:14,860 --> 00:11:16,740 temperatures along with sufficient rainfall also mean that more green 448 00:11:16,740 --> 00:11:16,750 rainfall also mean that more green 449 00:11:16,750 --> 00:11:19,710 rainfall also mean that more green plants grow but to some extent ocean 450 00:11:19,710 --> 00:11:19,720 plants grow but to some extent ocean 451 00:11:19,720 --> 00:11:21,630 plants grow but to some extent ocean water and vegetation both naturally 452 00:11:21,630 --> 00:11:21,640 water and vegetation both naturally 453 00:11:21,640 --> 00:11:24,360 water and vegetation both naturally absorb carbon dioxide from the air so 454 00:11:24,360 --> 00:11:24,370 absorb carbon dioxide from the air so 455 00:11:24,370 --> 00:11:26,220 absorb carbon dioxide from the air so with more ocean surface and more 456 00:11:26,220 --> 00:11:26,230 with more ocean surface and more 457 00:11:26,230 --> 00:11:28,590 with more ocean surface and more vegetation more carbon dioxide is 458 00:11:28,590 --> 00:11:28,600 vegetation more carbon dioxide is 459 00:11:28,600 --> 00:11:31,590 vegetation more carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere eventually 460 00:11:31,590 --> 00:11:31,600 removed from the atmosphere eventually 461 00:11:31,600 --> 00:11:33,540 removed from the atmosphere eventually enough carbon dioxide may be removed 462 00:11:33,540 --> 00:11:33,550 enough carbon dioxide may be removed 463 00:11:33,550 --> 00:11:35,070 enough carbon dioxide may be removed from the atmosphere so that the 464 00:11:35,070 --> 00:11:35,080 from the atmosphere so that the 465 00:11:35,080 --> 00:11:37,260 from the atmosphere so that the greenhouse effect begins to diminish and 466 00:11:37,260 --> 00:11:37,270 greenhouse effect begins to diminish and 467 00:11:37,270 --> 00:11:42,180 greenhouse effect begins to diminish and the earth begins to cool again of course 468 00:11:42,180 --> 00:11:42,190 the earth begins to cool again of course 469 00:11:42,190 --> 00:11:44,040 the earth begins to cool again of course climate change is not that simple there 470 00:11:44,040 --> 00:11:44,050 climate change is not that simple there 471 00:11:44,050 --> 00:11:46,410 climate change is not that simple there are a lot of other factors too some of 472 00:11:46,410 --> 00:11:46,420 are a lot of other factors too some of 473 00:11:46,420 --> 00:11:48,030 are a lot of other factors too some of the same chemicals that are hurting the 474 00:11:48,030 --> 00:11:48,040 the same chemicals that are hurting the 475 00:11:48,040 --> 00:11:51,110 the same chemicals that are hurting the ozone layer contribute to global warming 476 00:11:51,110 --> 00:11:51,120 ozone layer contribute to global warming 477 00:11:51,120 --> 00:11:53,579 ozone layer contribute to global warming also things like photosynthesis 478 00:11:53,579 --> 00:11:53,589 also things like photosynthesis 479 00:11:53,589 --> 00:11:59,850 also things like photosynthesis respiration ocean currents forest fires 480 00:11:59,850 --> 00:11:59,860 respiration ocean currents forest fires 481 00:11:59,860 --> 00:12:02,699 respiration ocean currents forest fires and fluctuations in the amount of energy 482 00:12:02,699 --> 00:12:02,709 and fluctuations in the amount of energy 483 00:12:02,709 --> 00:12:06,690 and fluctuations in the amount of energy generated by the Sun so if the earth's 484 00:12:06,690 --> 00:12:06,700 generated by the Sun so if the earth's 485 00:12:06,700 --> 00:12:08,790 generated by the Sun so if the earth's temperature varies a few degrees what's 486 00:12:08,790 --> 00:12:08,800 temperature varies a few degrees what's 487 00:12:08,800 --> 00:12:12,810 temperature varies a few degrees what's the big mystery measurements of co2 and 488 00:12:12,810 --> 00:12:12,820 the big mystery measurements of co2 and 489 00:12:12,820 --> 00:12:15,000 the big mystery measurements of co2 and air samples trapped in ice indicate that 490 00:12:15,000 --> 00:12:15,010 air samples trapped in ice indicate that 491 00:12:15,010 --> 00:12:16,860 air samples trapped in ice indicate that levels of carbon dioxide are increasing 492 00:12:16,860 --> 00:12:16,870 levels of carbon dioxide are increasing 493 00:12:16,870 --> 00:12:19,079 levels of carbon dioxide are increasing our planet appears to be warming more 494 00:12:19,079 --> 00:12:19,089 our planet appears to be warming more 495 00:12:19,089 --> 00:12:21,630 our planet appears to be warming more than normal this is another mystery of 496 00:12:21,630 --> 00:12:21,640 than normal this is another mystery of 497 00:12:21,640 --> 00:12:23,820 than normal this is another mystery of where and who where is this excess 498 00:12:23,820 --> 00:12:23,830 where and who where is this excess 499 00:12:23,830 --> 00:12:26,100 where and who where is this excess carbon dioxide coming from and who or 500 00:12:26,100 --> 00:12:26,110 carbon dioxide coming from and who or 501 00:12:26,110 --> 00:12:30,060 carbon dioxide coming from and who or what is responsible for it parent space 502 00:12:30,060 --> 00:12:30,070 what is responsible for it parent space 503 00:12:30,070 --> 00:12:31,680 what is responsible for it parent space we can see some natural sources of 504 00:12:31,680 --> 00:12:31,690 we can see some natural sources of 505 00:12:31,690 --> 00:12:35,639 we can see some natural sources of carbon dioxide 506 00:12:35,639 --> 00:12:35,649 507 00:12:35,649 --> 00:12:40,300 volcanoes and naturally caused forest 508 00:12:40,300 --> 00:12:40,310 volcanoes and naturally caused forest 509 00:12:40,310 --> 00:12:40,980 volcanoes and naturally caused forest fires 510 00:12:40,980 --> 00:12:40,990 fires 511 00:12:40,990 --> 00:12:43,449 fires but many human activities are also 512 00:12:43,449 --> 00:12:43,459 but many human activities are also 513 00:12:43,459 --> 00:12:47,019 but many human activities are also releasing carbon dioxide for more than 514 00:12:47,019 --> 00:12:47,029 releasing carbon dioxide for more than 515 00:12:47,029 --> 00:12:49,480 releasing carbon dioxide for more than 100 years the fossil fuel burning 516 00:12:49,480 --> 00:12:49,490 100 years the fossil fuel burning 517 00:12:49,490 --> 00:12:50,819 100 years the fossil fuel burning machines of the Industrial Revolution 518 00:12:50,819 --> 00:12:50,829 machines of the Industrial Revolution 519 00:12:50,829 --> 00:12:53,620 machines of the Industrial Revolution have dumped millions of tons of carbon 520 00:12:53,620 --> 00:12:53,630 have dumped millions of tons of carbon 521 00:12:53,630 --> 00:12:55,059 have dumped millions of tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere 522 00:12:55,059 --> 00:12:55,069 dioxide into the atmosphere 523 00:12:55,069 --> 00:12:57,699 dioxide into the atmosphere at the same time the harvesting of 524 00:12:57,699 --> 00:12:57,709 at the same time the harvesting of 525 00:12:57,709 --> 00:12:59,199 at the same time the harvesting of forests and clearing land for 526 00:12:59,199 --> 00:12:59,209 forests and clearing land for 527 00:12:59,209 --> 00:13:01,889 forests and clearing land for cultivation is reducing vegetation color 528 00:13:01,889 --> 00:13:01,899 cultivation is reducing vegetation color 529 00:13:01,899 --> 00:13:04,360 cultivation is reducing vegetation color vegetation uses carbon dioxide for 530 00:13:04,360 --> 00:13:04,370 vegetation uses carbon dioxide for 531 00:13:04,370 --> 00:13:06,430 vegetation uses carbon dioxide for growth and in doing so tends to limit 532 00:13:06,430 --> 00:13:06,440 growth and in doing so tends to limit 533 00:13:06,440 --> 00:13:09,449 growth and in doing so tends to limit atmospheric increases of carbon dioxide 534 00:13:09,449 --> 00:13:09,459 atmospheric increases of carbon dioxide 535 00:13:09,459 --> 00:13:12,129 atmospheric increases of carbon dioxide so once again we fight both nature and 536 00:13:12,129 --> 00:13:12,139 so once again we fight both nature and 537 00:13:12,139 --> 00:13:14,259 so once again we fight both nature and humans are causing our atmosphere to 538 00:13:14,259 --> 00:13:14,269 humans are causing our atmosphere to 539 00:13:14,269 --> 00:13:17,530 humans are causing our atmosphere to change these relatively rapid changes 540 00:13:17,530 --> 00:13:17,540 change these relatively rapid changes 541 00:13:17,540 --> 00:13:20,800 change these relatively rapid changes leading to a major warming that part 542 00:13:20,800 --> 00:13:20,810 leading to a major warming that part 543 00:13:20,810 --> 00:13:25,960 leading to a major warming that part investigation is still underway in 1991 544 00:13:25,960 --> 00:13:25,970 investigation is still underway in 1991 545 00:13:25,970 --> 00:13:28,809 investigation is still underway in 1991 the upper atmospheric research satellite 546 00:13:28,809 --> 00:13:28,819 the upper atmospheric research satellite 547 00:13:28,819 --> 00:13:31,120 the upper atmospheric research satellite or urs was launched from the space 548 00:13:31,120 --> 00:13:31,130 or urs was launched from the space 549 00:13:31,130 --> 00:13:34,180 or urs was launched from the space shuttle Discovery you ours is using 10 550 00:13:34,180 --> 00:13:34,190 shuttle Discovery you ours is using 10 551 00:13:34,190 --> 00:13:36,460 shuttle Discovery you ours is using 10 highly sophisticated sensors to conduct 552 00:13:36,460 --> 00:13:36,470 highly sophisticated sensors to conduct 553 00:13:36,470 --> 00:13:39,160 highly sophisticated sensors to conduct a long-term study of the atmosphere it 554 00:13:39,160 --> 00:13:39,170 a long-term study of the atmosphere it 555 00:13:39,170 --> 00:13:41,050 a long-term study of the atmosphere it will compile the most complete data ever 556 00:13:41,050 --> 00:13:41,060 will compile the most complete data ever 557 00:13:41,060 --> 00:13:42,850 will compile the most complete data ever collected on energy input from the Sun 558 00:13:42,850 --> 00:13:42,860 collected on energy input from the Sun 559 00:13:42,860 --> 00:13:46,360 collected on energy input from the Sun winds and atmospheric composition this 560 00:13:46,360 --> 00:13:46,370 winds and atmospheric composition this 561 00:13:46,370 --> 00:13:47,889 winds and atmospheric composition this information will add to the clues we 562 00:13:47,889 --> 00:13:47,899 information will add to the clues we 563 00:13:47,899 --> 00:13:49,660 information will add to the clues we have for solving the mystery of ozone 564 00:13:49,660 --> 00:13:49,670 have for solving the mystery of ozone 565 00:13:49,670 --> 00:13:53,110 have for solving the mystery of ozone depletion and global warming but another 566 00:13:53,110 --> 00:13:53,120 depletion and global warming but another 567 00:13:53,120 --> 00:13:54,670 depletion and global warming but another part of the investigation is happening 568 00:13:54,670 --> 00:13:54,680 part of the investigation is happening 569 00:13:54,680 --> 00:13:58,300 part of the investigation is happening right here on space shuttle Atlantis our 570 00:13:58,300 --> 00:13:58,310 right here on space shuttle Atlantis our 571 00:13:58,310 --> 00:14:00,490 right here on space shuttle Atlantis our atmospheric laboratory for applications 572 00:14:00,490 --> 00:14:00,500 atmospheric laboratory for applications 573 00:14:00,500 --> 00:14:02,350 atmospheric laboratory for applications and science is gathering important 574 00:14:02,350 --> 00:14:02,360 and science is gathering important 575 00:14:02,360 --> 00:14:04,410 and science is gathering important information about the atmosphere such as 576 00:14:04,410 --> 00:14:04,420 information about the atmosphere such as 577 00:14:04,420 --> 00:14:06,970 information about the atmosphere such as what trace gases and chemicals are 578 00:14:06,970 --> 00:14:06,980 what trace gases and chemicals are 579 00:14:06,980 --> 00:14:08,500 what trace gases and chemicals are present in the atmosphere and in what 580 00:14:08,500 --> 00:14:08,510 present in the atmosphere and in what 581 00:14:08,510 --> 00:14:12,100 present in the atmosphere and in what quantities and what is the ultraviolet 582 00:14:12,100 --> 00:14:12,110 quantities and what is the ultraviolet 583 00:14:12,110 --> 00:14:15,160 quantities and what is the ultraviolet radiation output of the Sun the URS 584 00:14:15,160 --> 00:14:15,170 radiation output of the Sun the URS 585 00:14:15,170 --> 00:14:18,040 radiation output of the Sun the URS satellite and this mission are the start 586 00:14:18,040 --> 00:14:18,050 satellite and this mission are the start 587 00:14:18,050 --> 00:14:19,870 satellite and this mission are the start of a long term investigation of the 588 00:14:19,870 --> 00:14:19,880 of a long term investigation of the 589 00:14:19,880 --> 00:14:21,730 of a long term investigation of the interaction of the sun's energy with 590 00:14:21,730 --> 00:14:21,740 interaction of the sun's energy with 591 00:14:21,740 --> 00:14:24,939 interaction of the sun's energy with Earth's atmosphere the goal is to better 592 00:14:24,939 --> 00:14:24,949 Earth's atmosphere the goal is to better 593 00:14:24,949 --> 00:14:26,319 Earth's atmosphere the goal is to better understand how chemicals in the 594 00:14:26,319 --> 00:14:26,329 understand how chemicals in the 595 00:14:26,329 --> 00:14:28,059 understand how chemicals in the atmosphere reacting with the sun's 596 00:14:28,059 --> 00:14:28,069 atmosphere reacting with the sun's 597 00:14:28,069 --> 00:14:30,100 atmosphere reacting with the sun's changing energy levels are affecting our 598 00:14:30,100 --> 00:14:30,110 changing energy levels are affecting our 599 00:14:30,110 --> 00:14:32,270 changing energy levels are affecting our environment 600 00:14:32,270 --> 00:14:32,280 environment 601 00:14:32,280 --> 00:14:34,680 environment there are obviously a lot more questions 602 00:14:34,680 --> 00:14:34,690 there are obviously a lot more questions 603 00:14:34,690 --> 00:14:36,510 there are obviously a lot more questions that need to be asked and answered 604 00:14:36,510 --> 00:14:36,520 that need to be asked and answered 605 00:14:36,520 --> 00:14:38,910 that need to be asked and answered before we can completely solve the 606 00:14:38,910 --> 00:14:38,920 before we can completely solve the 607 00:14:38,920 --> 00:14:41,480 before we can completely solve the mysteries of our changing atmosphere 608 00:14:41,480 --> 00:14:41,490 mysteries of our changing atmosphere 609 00:14:41,490 --> 00:14:43,950 mysteries of our changing atmosphere it's going to take far more than a 610 00:14:43,950 --> 00:14:43,960 it's going to take far more than a 611 00:14:43,960 --> 00:14:45,630 it's going to take far more than a single satellite or a single shuttle 612 00:14:45,630 --> 00:14:45,640 single satellite or a single shuttle 613 00:14:45,640 --> 00:14:48,210 single satellite or a single shuttle mission to solve this puzzle this 614 00:14:48,210 --> 00:14:48,220 mission to solve this puzzle this 615 00:14:48,220 --> 00:14:50,160 mission to solve this puzzle this investigation is going to take long term 616 00:14:50,160 --> 00:14:50,170 investigation is going to take long term 617 00:14:50,170 --> 00:14:53,520 investigation is going to take long term study by many dedicated scientists some 618 00:14:53,520 --> 00:14:53,530 study by many dedicated scientists some 619 00:14:53,530 --> 00:14:54,900 study by many dedicated scientists some of the people who ultimately will 620 00:14:54,900 --> 00:14:54,910 of the people who ultimately will 621 00:14:54,910 --> 00:14:56,820 of the people who ultimately will unravel all these clues inside the 622 00:14:56,820 --> 00:14:56,830 unravel all these clues inside the 623 00:14:56,830 --> 00:14:58,920 unravel all these clues inside the mystery are probably sitting right 624 00:14:58,920 --> 00:14:58,930 mystery are probably sitting right 625 00:14:58,930 --> 00:15:02,040 mystery are probably sitting right beside you at this very moment now the 626 00:15:02,040 --> 00:15:02,050 beside you at this very moment now the 627 00:15:02,050 --> 00:15:06,240 beside you at this very moment now the question is will you be one of them